Journal: Neuron

Article Title: Vagus nerve stimulation drives selective circuit modulation through cholinergic reinforcement

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.017

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, VNS surgical approach b, Behavior timeline c, Stimulation protocol, with Reach and Success VNS applied before and after reach, respectively. d-f, Random VNS, Reach VNS, and Success VNS success rate across 14 sessions of training. g, Comparison of mean performance across all days between control and stimulated groups (Success VNS: p=0.0065, f=9.24, Random VNS: p>0.05, Reach VNS: p>0.05, REML). Shaded boxes denote s.e.m. h, Comparison of mean success rate for control and Random VNS mice during early (p=0.028, f=7.07, Student T test) and late learning (p>0.05). i, Comparison of mean success rate for control and Reach VNS mice during early and late learning (p>0.05). j, Comparison of mean success rate for control and Success VNS mice during early (p=0.0031) and late learning (p=0.0126). k&l, VNS mice performed a conditioned place preference test after 3 days being stimulated in one of two distinct rooms. m&n, In-session learning trajectories for each group. o, Comparison of within session learning between all groups across 4 days of learning. In all figures, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p< 0.001 bars and error bars represent the mean ± s.e.m.

Article Snippet: Stimulation parameters were controlled and delivered using Master8, PulsePal, or a CLARA+Arduino system, which were connected to a stimulation isolation unit (A-M Systems, Model 2200 Analog Stimulus Isolator) to control amperage.

Techniques: Comparison, Control, Conditioned Place Preference

Journal: Neuron

Article Title: Vagus nerve stimulation drives selective circuit modulation through cholinergic reinforcement

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.017

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Peri-event histogram of the task related events aligned at reach max (N = 6 control mice, day 4, n = 278success trials). Magenta indicates full reaches, green success recognition. b, Average neural activity of success trials (black) and random control trials (grey, n = 488 neurons). Gray dashed line indicates 2 s.d. from the baseline mean. c, Left: representative neural responses: top success-activated, bottom success-suppressed, gray individual trials. Right: % neurons modulated in the task (903 neurons; 16.3 ± 6.4% success-activated, 15.4 ± 10.2% success-suppressed, 13.3 ± 5.5% preparation/reach modulated). d, Assignment of VNS or no-stimulation sessions. e-g, Top: Average responses of success-activated (d, n=115 & 101), success-suppressed (e, n=122 & 92) and success-nonmodulated neurons (f, n=383 & 394) in VNS (orange) and in no-stimulation session (gray). Bottom: the difference trace. h, Registered neurons (white) in VNS (green) and no-stimulation session (Magenta). i&j, Left: trial responses of success-activated neurons in no-stimulation and VNS session (orange ticks: VNS onset). Right: the average and difference responses aligned by VNS onset. k, Cumulative distribution of neural response onset (See Methods) of VNS-enhanced or attenuated neurons in homecage and success-activated populations (Homecage p=0.0001, Success-activated p=0.033, Kruskal-Wallis test). l, Example success-activated neuron modulated by VNS (supp. Fig. 6h) also have higher neural activity before reach end in VNS session. Arrowhead: onset of increased activity. m, Onset timing histogram of VNS-driven modulation of success-activated neurons. n, % neurons modulated in reach in VNS-nonmodulated versus VNS-enhanced neurons.

Article Snippet: Stimulation parameters were controlled and delivered using Master8, PulsePal, or a CLARA+Arduino system, which were connected to a stimulation isolation unit (A-M Systems, Model 2200 Analog Stimulus Isolator) to control amperage.

Techniques: Control, Activity Assay